The Vultures …

… had arrived by the next day.

A chaotic horde of them clambering and quarreling over the remains of the elephant. By now the belly was open, the lower jaw bone was visible. But there were still plenty more calories to be had.

Hyenas and jackals were still around but seemed to have had their fill for the time being. There wasn’t much interaction away from the carcass but there were hundreds of vultures in the trees and on the ground. A few Marabou Storks were also waiting about.

There seemed less of a smell than the day before. Perhaps because the surface was nibbled away as fast as it was uncovered.

The vast majority of the vultures were White-backed. There were a few Hooded and just a couple of Lappet-faced. Each has its own specialisation. The White-backed Vultures were clearly the primary demolition experts. Hooded Vultures are smaller, have proportionally longer, finer, sharper looking bills. Good for cleaning up the hard to get at left overs. Lappet-faced are more powerful looking outfits that I imagine could deal with the tougher materials.

Birds have a third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, that runs fore and aft protecting and lubricating the eye. It can be seen clearly in the next photo. A powerful hooked bill is useful for tearing flesh. A naked face is easy to keep clean and a pompom-like collar helps keep blood from running down and soiling the wing feathers.

So far all the illustrations have been of White-backed Vultures. Time to have a look at all the cast …

Lions had still not turned up. It was not because there were none around.

Vulture …

Vultures were once a very common sight in India. Cows are kept for milk but very few ever end up on a plate. Of the estimated 500 million head of cattle in India, only 4% are destined for consumption by humans as meat. Dead cows have traditionally been vulture food.

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It was noticed in the 1990’s that vulture numbers were in decline. The decline became precipitous. Vultures are now rare in India. In my recent trip to India I saw about ten individuals of two species, Egyptian Vulture and around the rocky outcrops at Siana, Indian Vulture.

The decline has led to an increase in feral dogs and rats. These have brought an increase in rabies, anthrax and plague. India now accounts for about 30,000 deaths from rabies each year, more than half the entire world’s total. 70% of victims are children under fifteen. Do not pat or feed the village dogs.

The cause of Vulture decline is diclofenac poisoning. This is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been used extensively in veterinary practice and also in humans. The first signs of toxicity are lethargy and a drooping neck. It is followed by renal failure and death within two days. I have used diclofenac for the occasional bout of trochenteric tendonitis. Sadly I am unfit for vulturine consumption.

The governments of India, Nepal and Pakistan banned veterinary use of the painkiller diclofenac in 2006. A safe alternative exists in Meloxicam. Diclofenac remains readily available for human use and sadly some is still misapplied in livestock. By the end of 2012 it seemed that populations were no longer declining but birds that were once common and widespread are now rare and vulnerable to extinction.